Satisfactory

Shapez is basically factory building reduced to its bare essentials. It's a huge grid with sources of simple grey shapes and RGB colouring. The sources are infinite. You have to cut, paste, rotate, stack, and colour the base shapes to make complex ones and deliver large amounts to a central hub. The only "cost" for building is when you copy and paste a blueprint. Your main focus is finding the steps needed to produce the desired shape and the ratios of machines needed at each step to avoid bottlenecks.

There's a 3D sequel that's in Early Access but I haven't tried it yet.

Factorio. You can turn off the biters with a single tickbox. As for resources, you can increase the patch richness and size to make them functionality infinite for your playthrough.

Factorio, or Dyson Sphere Program, are both absolutely excellent.

Foundry is an upcoming game that's probably worth keeping an eye on.

You can mod Minecraft pretty much into anything of your liking. Never made something as casual, but it's possible for sure.

Before Satisfactory, nah, I can't think of anything nearly as chill, unless you count Factorio with the right custom settings.

Shapez and Shapez 2 definitely fit the bill, though, as others have mentioned, I only discovered them recently, when Shapez 2 released into EA.