I'm listing countries where I've lived and split into Savoury, sweet and drinks categories, some countries have less items because I couldn't think of other examples. On most places and categories I tried to limit myself to 3 entries.

Argentina

Savoury

• Churrasco - Argentinian bbq, it's just meat with salt and possibly chimichurri (a "sauce" made with some herbs, restaurants around the world seem to call any dressing chimichurri but the traditional one is the best and only one for me)
• Fugazzeta - Essentially a thick dough onion and cheese pizza
• Empanadas - Similar to a calzone but with more fillings, it can be made in the oven, fried or grilled in charcoal. Traditional filling is meat but also very popular are Humita (corn with bechamel sauce, one of my favorites)

Sweet

• Alfajor - two biscuits with dulce de leche in between, usually covered with chocolate.
• Postre Balcarce - One of my favorites desserts, it's a sort of cake with peaches, almond, merengue and other stuff, look it up.
• Media Lunas - Sweet croissant.

Drinks

• Mate - A sort of tea, drunk in a special cup with a special straw.
• Paso de Los toros pomelo - Grapefruit flavoured tonic water.
• Fernet con coca - An alcoholic drink made by mixing Fernet (a bitter liquor) with a can of coke.

Brazil

Savoury (northeast)

• Acarajé - A Bean paste fried in dendê oil, filled with shrimp, Vatapá (a paste made of shrimp, coconut milk, peanuts, etc) and Caruru (a paste made with okra, personally I don't like it)
• Moqueca - A stew made with fish, shrimp, tomatoes , onion and dendê oil
• Beiju - A tortilla made with cassava flour, filled with a variety of fillings.

Savoury (general)

• Coxinha - A fried potato dough filled with chicken and usually requeijão/catupiry (a special creamy cheese)
• Pastel - Similar to Argentinian empanadas, but the dough is lighter and it's only served fried.
• Feijoada - A stew made with black beans and some meats (sometimes eaten with orange)

Sweet

• Brigadeiro/Beijinho - Cooked condensed milk with chocolate powder or coconut.
• Pudim - Cooked condensed milk (Yes, Brazilians love condensed milk) with eggs and a caramel sauce.
• Paçoca - Sweet peanut crumbly cylinder.

Drinks

• Guarana - A soda made from a fruit found in Brazil.
• Caldo de cana - Pressed sugar cane, essentially natural sugary water.
• Caipirinha - An alcoholic drink made with lime and cachaça (a typically Brazilian alcoholic drink). Cachaça is not vodka, and a caipirinha made with vodka instead of cachaça is called a caipiroska.

Italy

Italian food is very well known, so I'll list less known dishes, some of them are still known but not to the same level of Lasagna and Tiramisu.

Savoury

• Parmegiana - A lasagna made with eggplant instead of dough and LOTS of parmesan cheese
• Panzerotti - Similar to a calzone, but lots more filling and a thinner dough
• Putsnesca - garlic, anchovies, capers and black olives tomato sauce, usually eaten with Penne

Sweet

• Panettone - A sweet bread with caramelized fruits and raisins
• Panna Cotta - Cooked cream topped with some sauce
• Pastafrola/Pasta frolla - Sweet tart filled with jams

Drinks

• Lemoncello - Lemon liquor.
• Aranciatta - Similar to Fanta but I think it's made with tonic water because it has a bitter taste to it.
• Soda - A traditionally made soda with syrup and sparkling water, they have several flavors.

Ireland

Savoury

• Guiness stew - A stew made with meat, potatoes, onion, carrots and Guiness.

Drinks

• Guiness

Spain

Savoury

• Tortilla de patatas - A sort of tall omelette made with fried potatoes and usually onion.
• Paella - Seafood and veggies with rice and saffron.
• Patatas bravas - Fried potatoes with a spicy sauce.

Sweet

• Crema catalana - Custard topped with caramelized sugar.
• Churros/Xurros - Fried dough covered in sugar and cinnamon, made to be eaten by dipping in chocolate or dulce de leche.
• Turrón - A sort of nougat.

Drinks

I've only recently moved to Spain, haven't had any traditional drinks here, if someone has some recommendations let me know.