Linux

I suggest Linux Mint. It has GUIs for almost everything and it's very stable. With a little bit of tinkering of the services at startup, you can get Mint to run at 700 MB of RAM (as read via htop), instead of its default ~1 GB of RAM. That could be important to fit it better at 4 GB of ram with some demanding browsing.

I disagree with anyone who might suggest Fedora or Ubuntu with 4 GB of RAM. These distros require about 2+ GB of RAM to boot up, double than that of Mint.

Then there are the distros meant for older machines that use less ram, but it's a shame to use these when your laptop is fast-enough with an 8th gen cpu (comparatively to very old machines, that is). Your CPU scores 3500 points on the passmark cpu benchmark which is enough for any kind of distro. 15 years ago, the average laptop cpu was 600 points (and Linux still runs fine on these with something like Debian/Xfce).

The lowest ram usage I've seen with a full-fledge modern distro/DE, is XFce with endeavourOS. I load it at 490 MB of RAM (it takes 630 MB on Mint for the same layout/apps).

Basically, your challenge is the RAM, not the CPU or the drive. Use an appropriate distro for the RAM and the difficulty you want, and always be mindful to not have too many tabs/apps open at the same time.

I don't get the people recommending Mint and Ubuntu or atomic distros, those are great for a beginner who just wants their system to work without having to be bothered, but I'm not sure you could find worse if your goal is to learn how your system works...

You need :

• Good documentation, so that could find answers when trying to understand something.
• A large community, so you can ask questions if you need to
• Configuration that's easy to mess with
• Not a distro filling a very specialized niche (don't go for one of the distros without systemd, unless you actually know what systemd is and have a reason for not wanting it)
• One of the "base" distros, rather than one that is based on another one with modifications (that will make it easier to understand if you don't have to deal with what Mint added on top of Debian for ex)
• No weird shit that confuses you when you try to understand what is going on ("Why is my lsblk spammed by fake partitions?... oh right Snaps"... "Wait why is that a Snap, I installed the package with apt?")

So I'd say either Arch or Debian (or Debian testing, if you want Debian but with updates more often than once every century). Not sure about Fedora, I'm not familiar with it.

Arch is a great way to learn how your system works, if you know what you are getting into.

The documentation is very extensive and a lot of people use it, so when you do encounter a problem you can usually find the solution easily enough in the docs or in forums.

I'm also not sure that it's inherently more challenging than other distros, a lot of stuff is pretty much the same no matter your distro, except that with Arch nothing gets in the way so personally I find it easier to understand.

And the reputation Arch has for breaking stuff during updates is either very overblown, or I've just had the most terrible luck and missed all of them. I've only seen one big breakage, the FUSE regression, which was pretty cool, and that was fixed almost immediately.

There's also software availability to consider, and Arch is one of the distros with the most packages available (second one after NixOS I think).

Personally I regret having wasted several months on another distro because people kept saying that you absolutely shouldn't start with Arch, and that if you wanted to try Arch you HAD to do it with a manual install (guess how well that went when I was fresh from Windows 😂 ). So I failed to manually install Arch for a month, then I spend three months on a random other distro before finally installing Arch with the archinstall script. I expected that it'd be insanely complicated and that I'd break everything in a few days but it's been surprisingly straightforward. The challenging part is understanding how things work when the documentation presupposes prior knowledge that I don't have. Now after over a year I'm familiar enough with Arch that I'll try a manual install when I change hard drive and reinstall.

It depends on the way you like to learn.

If you like to play around with things and look things up as you need, go with a beginner-friendly distro (Mint, ElementaryOS, and Pop!OS are all good options). This gives a more immediate payoff (in that there are lots of fun things to experiment with right away), but you'll learn things kinda piecemeal.

If you like to learn by reading first, then starting with the absolute minimum and gradually working your way up, something like Arch might be great for you. It's a much slower process and has a much steeper learning curve, but if you have the discipline for it, you'll come out with a really solid understanding of how things work.

Most people start with something simple, and venture into the more intimidating waters when they feel comfortable. If you're not sure, try Mint and go from there. You can always wipe it and install Arch later (if you don't have anything important on this laptop, you can try lots of different ones without worrying about migrating or losing anything).

you don't need to settle on a distro straight away, try them out and switch off you don't like them

Linux Mint is usually recommended for beginners.

For something more cutting edge, but stable, take a look at Fedora Kinoite (Windows like), Fedora Silverblue or Bazzite (great for gaming).

You can also use tools from blue-build.org (easier) or Universal Blue (harder unless you’re comfortable with containers) to customize them further, if you want.

I saw some people using Arch to learn the inside out of Linux, but I’m afraid It could be to challenging.

It will be challenging but IMO give it a shot if you think it is something you might want to do. No harm in trying really. If you mess it up or find it too hard or whatever you can always install something else afterwards. It is not like you are stuck with your first choice forever. The only thing you will lose is a bit of time and will gain a better understanding of things even if you cannot make it fully work.

I don't agree that arch is not a beginner distro - it is a DIY distro that requires a lot of reading and willingness to learn and understand things. The arch wiki is an excellent resource for anyone (on any distro IMO) and well worth reading. If you are OK with that work then it makes a fine distro for anyone, beginner or not. It is not a distro for many people - again does not matter if they are a beginner or not. It is for people with a particular mindset. One that you might change over time or as you grow and learn more overall.

No harm either if you decide it is not for you. Play around with a few distros and try to find which one works best for you. There is really no one best distro. Just a lot of different things that appeal to different people and the only real way to find out which you like is to try them out.

Arch is NOT for beginners. Immutable distros are NOT for beginners. Do not let anyone suggest otherwise.

Go with Fedora for the smoothest and least polluted experience of any beginner distro and work from there.

The best way to learn is just by getting started 👍

probably mx linux

From what I've heard, openSUSE Tumbleweed is the most stable rolling release distribution around. It automatically checks packages, before releasing them. As for desktop environments, Xfce is a great one, if you add some addons (e.g., Whisker menu).

EndeavourOS... Is basically Arch but with a nice installer.

Wild that you chose my exact distro + desktop combo (Fedora + XFCE). I love it but I wouldn't expect others to in 2025. Nice pick dude.

One vote for Debian.

I commented elsewhere about endeavourOS, but I have some other wisdom to pass along.

Keep good backups of your personal files, stuff you don’t want to lose, and don’t be afraid to try something new. You dont like something about how your system is running? Nuke it and install something else. Installing Linux is a cakewalk in most distros and rarely takes longer than half an hour (your mileage may vary with the low specs on the laptop)

I’ve learned a ton about Linux by trying many different distros, breaking things, fixing things, and occasionally distro hopping to see how I like a different offering.

There’s a lot of great content on YouTube that can help you learn, and reviews of various distros so you can get an idea of how things work without having to install it yourself. Have fun and don’t be afraid to fiddle with things.

I’d go with ElementaryOS, it is a solid intuitive desktop which will serve most people well.

What Lenovo laptop? Can't upgrade the RAM?

For start definitely Linux Mint. It is stable, has strong support, works out of the box.

If you have a someone, that you personally know, who knows Linux and can help you navigate things... go with Arch.

It'll take you a bit longer initially, but you're going to be putting together and configuring every component from partitioning drives to installing a bootloader. In exchange for your labors you get to have access to the bleeding edge of nearly all software packages. This isn't always a boon, since there are occasionally bugs. For example, currently Firefox likes to forget that you should be able to select the address bar or close tabs by clicking the x on the tab (middle mouse click still works though).

If not, use EndevourOS. It's Arch, but it uses a graphical installer and chooses sane defaults for making a desktop PC. It's significantly faster to install but it is still Arch (you use the Arch repos and the AUR). If you just want to use Arch but are worried about being able to install from scratch via the terminal, use Endevour.

Alternatively, install Qubes so you can be on a different distro and look down on other distros for their lack of virtualization.