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DNS is what you're looking for. To keep it simple and in one place (your adguard instance), you can add local dns entries under Filters > DNS Rewrites in the format below:
Excellent news, at least I know where to start now. I wanna play with all the network things and learn, but I also wanna just have it sorted in 5 minutes of hacking
Its that simple to use different IPs just with DNS server:
DNS server
But dont you have your services on the same IP and different ports? If thats the case you will also need reverse proxy like nginx. So DNS server will point your domain name (you can just make a name for local use) to your server IP. Then reverse proxy can point each name to a specific IP and port.
Reverse proxy
I don't know why you were downvoted for this, you're right and I figured this out for myself last night when I decided to try figure it out at 1.30am after 3 beers.
I managed to get all my port 80 stuff sorted but my Arr stack for example needs something more, probably the dreaded nginx...
I'm having a look at Caddy now because I've never used it before, Nginx I didn't like when I used it and I've recently heard the original developer has left the project and started a new one.
Nginx is a lot less painful if you use Nginx Proxy Manager. You get a nice GUI and can easily get SSL certificates with Let's Encrypt, including wildcard certs. I'm running it in front of a docker swarm and 3 other servers, and in most cases, it takes me about 30 seconds to add a new proxy host and set it up with https using my *.domain.com wildcard cert. I also use it with Authentik as a forward proxy auth for SSO (since many containers out there don't have the best security).
If you dont fear using a little bit of terminal, caddy imo is the better choice. It makes SSL even more brainless (since its 100% automatic), is very easy to configure (especially for reverse proxying) yet very powerful if you need it, has a wonderful documentation and an extensive extension library, doesnt require a mysql database that eats 200 MB RAM and does not have unnecessary limitations due to UI abstractions. There are many more advantages to caddy over NPM. I have not looked back since I switched.
An example caddyfile for reverse proxying to a docker container from a hostname, with automatic SSL certificates, automatic websockets and all the other typical bells and whistles:
I'll check it out. I suspect configuration would likely be a little bit more complicated in my case because I'm using Authentik for proxy forward authentication and had also been using access control groups in NPM (both a LAN group and a WAN group containing Cloudflare proxy IP addresses, since currently all my publicly accessible domains proxy through Cloudflare).
Caddy and Authentik play very nicely together thanks to caddy
forward_authdirective. Regarding acls, you'll have to read some documentation, but it shouldnt be difficult to figure out whatsoever. The documentation and forum are great sources of info.