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Part of the answer is "it's always been that way". All this is done in coordination with the FTC and there are certain frequencies assigned for aerial radio communication. It's not just done on 2.4GHz to be cheap like Wi-Fi / microwaves / etc.
Since the long-long-ago planes have been required to have their registered tail number visible. So if you do something not okay someone can find you and talk to you about it. After all cars are (mostly) limited to roads, boats are limited to waterways (and also have to have a name/number visible somewhere), planes can go anywhere and be annoying.
Radio communication to/from planes is just 'in the clear'. It's not encrypted because there isn't/wasn't a reason for it to be and for a long time it wasn't even possible. Encrypting it offers no benefit and many potential downsides. It's one more thing that can go wrong when you have a problem and need to talk to someone.
When tracking was upgraded to transponders ( a small radio dedicated to sending out info about who you are ) all that just stayed the same. They transmit a code you set and your altitude (and other info including tail number for newer ones/requirements after 2020 (just a coincidental year, the upgrade was planned years in advance)) so Air Traffic Control can say "Bugsmasher 123 turn left please". Radar is expensive, a device in the plane constantly broadcasting "plane here" is significantly simpler and cheaper to track. Most airports don't have Primary Radar.
ATC doesn't care about your tail number for tracking anything other that what to call you to get your attention on the radio. For your current flight, if you are using Flight Following (talking to ATC so they know where you are) or filing an Instrument Flight plan, they give you a semi-random transponder code for that flight. That is what they use for logistics. They don't care who you are, they care where you're going and when you're going to get there.
Tracking a tail number isn't much different from the <1900s version, which would be "weird the Mayflower is in port in Boston" or something.
There's tons of radio chatter one can listen to that's just blasted into the air with zero enceyption that you can pick up with an inexpensive radio scanner or SDR. Tons of first responders haven't updated to digital or encrypted radios (this will vary by state and municipality), railroad radio communication is often in the clear, as are boats and of course aircraft. There's a public database of crowd sources frequencies here:
https://www.radioreference.com/db/browse/
That's a cool reference, thanks for sharing!
Thank you for the detailed info! This is the kind of response I was hoping for